Reference : History of Astronomy in India. Indian National Science Academy.1985. Chapter 9. Indian Calendar from Post-Vedic period to AD 1900. Page 274: S.K. Chatterjee and A.K. Chakravarthy.

What is the ecliptic?

The ecliptic is the apparent yearly path of the Sun seen from the earth on the background of the stars.

What is the zodiac or rasi chakra?

The moon and planets are found within a belt of width eight degrees on either side of the ecliptic. This belt is known as the rasi chakra, or the zodiac.  ( See : Measuring distances in degrees in the sky using your hand)

What is a nakshatra?

To indicate day to day position of the moon in relation to the stars, the zodiac has been divided into 27 equal parts, from a fixed initial point in the ecliptic. Each part is known as a nakshatra or nakshatra division. and it covers 13 deg 20 min or 800 min of arc of the ecliptic.

Each Nakshatra division is named after a selected star which is generally prominent or traditionally well known and is broadly equally spaced in the zodiac. These identifying stars are called yogataras.

Lune

Not all Yogataras are located in the lune of the nakshatra division.  for eg Ardra, Swati, Jyesta, Poorvashada, Uttarashada, Sravana and Dhanishta.

The word Nakshatra in the context of panchangas means the nakshatra division signified by that Nakshatra.

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Rights for sourced material vest with the source.

As I was going through the Telugu and Kannada calendars for 2010, I found these interesting dates marked.

(See Also : How many kinds of Yugas are there? as well as Manus and Manvantaras.) Now, it is commonly known and accepted that the current year is 5110 of Kaliyuga and that on Ugadi of the next year ie on March 16th 2010, we will enter year 5111 of Kaliyuga. Its name in the 60th year cycle is Vikruti Nama Samvatsaram. (You can find all the year names here : Kalpas, Manvantaras, Samvatsaras ). We also know that Tamilians, Jains, Malayalis and others have their new years at different times of the year. (More : Tamil and Hindi Calendar Month Name Variations with Sanskrit (Telugu) Month Names)

What I was intrigued to find was that Feb 13th 2010 was marked as Kaliyuga antham and Haripada Punyakalam in the Telugu Calendar. That day is an Amavasya, Sravana Nakshatram. It is the last day of Magha Masam.  The previous day is Maha Siva Ratri and Kumbha Sankranthi.  (When the sun enters Kumbha Rasi).  The next month is Phalguna Masam.

In the Kannada Calendar I found Feb 13th marked as Dwapara Yugadi. There is a system in which the Yugas can be counted Kruta to Kali and Kali to Kruta.

I have given in this post the dates of Raivata Manvadi and Indra Savarnika Manvadi in the year 2009 as per Telugu calendar.

Further I found that Rudra Savarnika Manvadi is due on Aug 3rd 2010. It is also Aslesha Karthe , the beginning of the fortnight when the sun passes in front of the Aslesha Nakshatram. It is Ashada Krishna Ashtami, Bharani Nakshatram.

And Aug 17th has been given as the date of the Krutha Yuga Antham.

Telugu Calendar Used : created by Sri Sringeri, Sri Jagadguru, Mahasamsthana, Sri Matha Jyotisha Vidwan, Lanka Venkateswara Siddhanti, and Sri Dayananda Saraswathi and published by N.V. Gopal and Co.

Kannada Calendar Used : Bangalore Press

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There are some variations from source to source.. so I thought it will be good to collect as I find them

Source

There is an applet here.. you can select  Orion and Ursa Major. Then go from Aries to Leo. You can also  locate Canis major.

• http://www.ioncmaste.ca/homepage/resources/web_resources/CSA_Astro9/files/multimedia/unit1/constellations_winter/constellations_winter.html

Applet showing circumpolar motion

• http://www.ioncmaste.ca/homepage/resources/web_resources/CSA_Astro9/files/multimedia/unit1/circumpolar_motion/circumpolar_motion.html

Acc. to this article Sirius is called Mrugavyadha in Sanskrit : http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A58061090. It is easy to see near Orion.

Details pf constellations : http://www.challengerlearningcenter.com/Micronauts/4.3MICROConstellations.pdf

Map clearly shows location of Leo and Canis Major wrt Orion and Big Dipper

Map mentions the names of the stars within the constellations also

You can see Makha/Magha Nakshatram of the Simha Rasi is Regulus in Leo.

Punarvasu is Pollux. 3 padas in Mithuna and 4th pada in Karkataka. Sir Rama’s birth star was the 4th pada of Punarvasu.

Denebola is Uttara Phalguni. Dr. Balakrishna gives it as ZaVijaya (Arab Name). Both Vijaya an Phalguna are names of Arjuna.

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See also : http://www.atlasoftheuniverse.com/5000lys.html

• I have not yet worked out the astronomical significance of this passage.., I am saving it for our reference. For example, there is an Aditya per month, and Vivasvan is the Aditya for the second month of the Sarad Rtu.
• I don’t know why the seasons are listed from grishma and not from vasanta
• Therefore I don’t know if I can map the name Chaitra Masa as used today to Tapa Masa as given in the Linga Puranam.
• I feel somehow that Chaitra Masam should match Madhumasam., because of the meaning of madhu – sweet, honey.
• One more area for research, interpretation and reconciliation.

Source and Reference :

1. The sun’s chariot was built by Brahma himself. It is made completely out of gold. (I know a shloka where it is said to be made out of iron, but don’t remember which text that is from at this time)
2. There are twelve months in a year. Their names are Madhu, Madhava, Shukra, Shuchi, Nabha, Nabhasya, Isha, Urjja, Saha, Sahasya, Tapa and Tapasya. (These names of the months are slightly unusual. More common is Vaishakha, Jyeshtha, etc.)
3. Two months constitute a season (ritu) and there are therefore six seasons in every year. These are grishma (summer), varsha (monsoon), sharat (early autumn), hemanta (late autumn), shita (winter) and vasanta (spring).
4. In every season, two adityas, two rshis, two gandharvas, two apsaras, two rakshasas and two nagas ride on the sun’s chariot to keep the sun company. Their names are as follows.
   1. Grishma – the adityas Dhata and Aryama; the sages Pulastya and Pulaha; the gandharvas Tumburu and Narada; the apsaras Kritasthala and Punjikasthala; the rakshasas Rakshoheti and Praheti; and the nagas Uraga and Vasuki. Madhu and Madhava are the months of grishma.
   2. Varsha - the adityas Mitra and Varuna; the sages Atri and Vasishtha; the gandharvas Haha and Huhu; the apsaras Menaka and Sahajanya; the rakshasas Pourusheya and Vadha; and the naga Takshaka. (The name of the second naga is not given.) Shukra and Shuchi are those of varsha.
   3. Sharat – the adityas Indra and Vivasvana; the sages Angira and Bhrigu; the gandharvas Vishvavasu and Ugrasena; the apsaras Pramlocha and Anumlocha; the rakshasas Sarpa and Vyaghra; and the nagas Elapatra and Shankhapala. Nabha and Nabhasya those of sharat.
   4. Hemanta - the adityas Parjanya and Pusha; the sages Bharadvaja and Gautama; the gandharvas Suruchi and Paravasu; the apsaras Ghritachi and Vishvachi; the rakshasas Apa and Vata; and the nagas Dhananjaya and Iravana. Isha and Urjja those of hemanta.
   5. Shita – the adityas Amshu and Bhaga; the sages Kashyapa and Kratu; the gandharvas Chitrasena and Urnayu; the apsaras Urvashi and Purvachitti; the rakshasas Vidyut and Diva; and the nagas Mahapadma and Karkataka. Saha and Sahasya those of shita.
   6. Vasanta – the adityas Tvashta and Vishnu; the sages Jamadagni and Vishvamitra; the gandharvas Dhritarashtra and Suryavarcha; the apsaras Tilottama and Rambha; the rakshasas Brahmopeta and Yakshopeta; and the nagas Kambana and Ashvatara. Tapa and Tapasya those of vasanta.
5. The moon (Chandra) has a chariot that has three wheels and is drawn by three horses. The horses are competely white in colour. The sun drinks up the energy of the moon for a period of fifteen days. This period is known as krishnapaksha (the fortnight during which the moon wanes). The sun then replenishes the moon’s energy over the next fifteen days. This period is known as shuklapaksha (the fortnight during which the moon waxes).
6. Budha (Mercury) is Chandra’s son and rides a chariot that is drawn by eight horses. The horses are yellow and the chariot is made of gold.
7. Brihaspati (Jupiter) also has a chariot that is made of gold and is drawn by eight horses.
8. But Shani’s (Saturn) chariot is made of iron.
9. Just as Indra rules over the gods, the sun rules over the planets and the moon rules over the nakshatras (stars) and the herbs.
10. But all of these revolve around Dhruva (the Pole Star).

Authorship and Copyright Notice : Satya Sarada Kandula.  All Rights for the Sourced Material Vest with the Source.

Source :

http://www.sacred-texts.com/ane/caog/img/01000.jpg

Fifth Tablet of Creation Legend.

Obverse.

1. It was delightful, all that was fixed by the great gods.

2. Stars, their appearance [in figures] of animals he arranged.

3. To fix the year through the observation of their constellations,

4. twelve months (or signs) of stars in three rows he arranged,

5. from the day when the year commences unto the close.

6. He marked the positions of the wandering stars (planets) to shine in their courses,

7. that they may not do injury, and may not trouble any one,

8. the positions of the gods Bel and Hea he fixed with him.

9. And he opened the great gates in the darkness shrouded

10. the fastenings were strong on the left and right.

11. In its mass (i.e. the lower chaos) he made a boiling,

12. the god Uru (the moon) he caused to rise out, the night he overshadowed,

13. to fix it also for the light of the night, until the shining of the day,

14. That the month might not be broken, and in its amount be regular.

15. At the beginning of the month, at the rising of the night,

16. his horns are breaking through to shine on the heaven.

17. On the seventh day to a circle he begins to swell,

18. and stretches towards the dawn further.

http://thesunsetchart.com/chaldea.html

To understand the astronomical significance of the Puranas, it is necessary to have some idea of the geo-centric (earth-centred) astronomical model used by Ancient Indian Astronomers (Rishis and others).

A helio-centric (sun- centred) model, simplifies a lot of calculations and is the preferred model in modern science.

But if you step outside and look at the sky and see the sun-rise and sun-set, the full moon and the new moon, you will find that geo-centric astronomy makes more intuitive sense.

So what we will be doing is trying to place ourselves in the minds of our forefathers and see the world as they saw it.

Much of the knowledge that they had did not require extra-terrestrial genes or divine revelation. It required careful observation, excellent mathematics, brilliant insights and great dedication to the science.

It also needed a society which valued truth and knowledge. And that was the society of Ancient India.

It was as difficult to afford advanced education for all then as it is now. So puranas with their high appeal were overlaid with astronomical significance, such that the ‘facts’ were retained even if the ‘derivations’ and ‘logic’ was available only to those who dedicated their life to study.

It was a society that placed the knowledgeable and wise people above the rulers in status while at the same time ensuring that they had neither the power of wealth nor arms and at the same time required strict discipline and self-denial from them.

It was a society that trusted the spoken word and put all the knowledge in to metrical form such that any mispronunciation or interpolation would be evident. It was a society that then introduced many different forms of preserving the oral tradition, with recitals from back to front, alternating words etc, such that the word was incorruptible.

It is possible that the most knowledgeable phycists today know more about astronomy and physics than the rishis of the ancient times. It is certain that the rishis of the ancient times knew more than the ‘average’ or ‘lay person’ of today, and definitely knew more than they are given credit for, by the general populace.

Then why study ancient science at all? Why not study modern physics and be done with it? There is too much to know anyway.

A part of the answer to this can be national pride. A part of the answer to this can be justice and giving credit where it is due. A part of the answer to this can be curiosity. A part of the answer to this can be social reform. If we know what the puranas actually said and what they actually meant, we can make more informed decisions with regard to our religious and spiritual life.

Some people are not comfortable with recognising that ancient wisdom was science. They don’t like  taking the magic out of ancient science. Humans like miracles and magic. They entertain and reassure us. But I think the fact that we are all here at all is a miracle. The fact that we can speak and pray and dance is a miracle. All technology is a miracle. When Nature or Prakruthi is such a great miracle, why seek unnatural miracles?

Let us give the rshis of India their respectful and rightful dues as the original scientists of our human civilization and not just as philosophers.

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1. Stand such that Orion’s Belt is tilted up to your right as in the image below.
2. Then look for the reddish star, to your top left, in the constellation.
3. Now you are all set for Arudra Darsanam.

Locate Arudra, Betelguese within Orion

-============================================================================

Identifying Nakshatras – Aldeberan, Rohini in Taurus

1. Orion’s belt will point you to Taurus
2. Rohini is Sri Krishna’s Janma Nakshatram
3. Rohini is also the name of Baladeva’s mother.
4. Rohini Nakshtram, is a daughter of Dakhsa and is the favorite wife of Chandra.

Identifying Nakshatras – Pleiades,  Kruthika and Mrugasheersham

1. In the same map, above you can see Kruthika Nakshatram, labelled as Pleiaedes.
2. There is a small group of 3 stars very close to Betelguese marked on the map above. That is Mrigasira.
3. You can imagine an arc of a circle passing through, Arudra, Mrigasira, Rohini and Krittika.

Identifying Nakshatras – Punarvasu, Pollux, in Gemini

1. In the map below, look perpendicular to Orion’s belt through betelguese to find gemini.
2. Pollux, Punarvasu is in the upper-left corner of Gemini.

Identifying Auriga – Five Faced Brahma :

1. Take the limb of Taurus that does not have Rohini in it.
2. The star “beta”, common to Auriga and Taurus in the drawing below, is the one called El Nath.
3. Arudra, El Nath and Capella are on a line.
4. That will point you to the 5 sided pentagon, the Auriga.
5. Auriga has been identified as Brahma by Bapu Dev Sastri who translated the Surya Siddhantam.
6. Do you remember the story where Siva knocked of the 5th head of Brahma which was on the top?
7. That story is connected to this constellation. Capella sounds like Kapala (Skull in Sanskrit) does it not?

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Rights for sourced material vest with the source.

For Future Use : Source

I am on the trail of the 7500 year old supernova explosion near Cygnus.

Caution : Deneb in Cygnus is not Denebola in Simha. They are not even physically close. There are many Denebs. (They are qualified as Deneb Al This or That.)

• While Cygnus is translated as Swan — Cygnus pronounced as Signus is a variant of Signah or Singah (Simha).
• Interestingly again, the nakshatram identified below as Denebola, UttaraPhalguni, is in Simha and Kanya Rasis.
• It has been associated with bad luck in some astrological systems as indicated by source A below.
• Source B connects Deneb with Cygnus.

• Source A: “Denebola — sometimes Deneb (meaning “tail”) — is the modern name for this star, abbreviated from Al Dhanab al Asad, the Lion’s Tail,
• the Greek Alkaia (meaning ‘Mallow’);
• the 17th century German astronomer Bayer gave it as Denebalecid and Denebaleced;
• English writer on globes John Chilmead (circa 1639), as Deneb Alased; and the 17th century German astronomer and ephemeris creator Schickard, as Dhanbol-asadi. The Italian astronomer Riccioli (1598-1671) omitted the first syllable of the original, and called the star Nebolellesed, Nebollassid “of the Nubian astrologers,” and Alazet apud Azophi, his title from the 10th century Persian astronomical writer Al Sufi. Elsewhere it is Nebu-lasit and Alesit; the Alfonsine Tables have Denebalezeth and the very appropriate Dafira, from the similar Arabic term for the tuft of coarse hair at the end of the tail in which the star lies. The English astronomer Proctor (1834-1888) called it Deneb Aleet, and there may be other degenerated forms of the original. The 13th century Persian astronomical writer Al Kazwini cited Al Aktab al Asad, the Viscera of the Lion, or Al Katab, a Small Saddle: inappropriate names, the German astronomer Ideler (1766-1846) said, and inferred that they should be Al Kalb, which in the course of time might have wandered here from Regulus, the genuine Kalb, or Heart, of the Lion.
• It marked the 10th manzil (Arabic Moon Mansion), Al Sarfah, the Changer, i.e. of the weather, given by the 15th century Tartar astronomer Ulug Beg as the star’s individual title; and the Persian astronomer Al Biruni (973-1048 A.D.) wrote of it: “The heat turns away when it rises, and the cold turns away when it disappears.” English writer on globes John Chilmead (circa 1639) cited Asumpha, which he attributed to Alfraganus; Baily called this Serpha; and the 17th century English orientalist Thomas Hyde changed it to Mutatrix.
• With the 4th-magnitude Fl. 93, it constituted the 10th nakshatra (Hindu Moon Mansion), Uttara Phalguni, and was the junction star with the adjacent Hasta; the regents of this and the next asterism, the Purva Phalguni, being the Adityas, Aryaman and Bagha. The Persian astronomer Al Biruni (973-1048 A.D.), however, said that Hindu astronomers pointed out to him a star in Coma Berenices as forming the lunar station with Denebola; and they claimed that the great scientific attainments of Varaha Mihira were due to his birthday having coincided with the entrance of the moon into Uttara Phalguni.
• The Chinese knew it, with four small neighboring stars, as Woo Ti Tso, the Seat of the Five Emperors, surrounded by twelve other groups, variously named after officers and nobles of the empire. In Babylonian astronomy it marked the 17th ecliptic constellation, Zibbat A., the Tail of the Lion, although the German orientalist Epping gives this with considerable doubt as to its correctness. Other Euphratean titles are said to have been Lamash, the Colossus; Sa. Blue, the Assyrian Samu; and Mikid-isati, the {p. 259} Burning of Fire, which may be a reference to the hot season of the year when the sun is near it.
• The Sogdians (an Iranian people) and Khorasmians (east of Persia) had a similar conception of it, as shown in their titles Widhu and Widhayu, the Burning One; but the Persians called it Avdem, the One in the Tail. Hewitt writes of it as, in India, the Star of the Goddess Bahu, the Creating Mother. With theta (θ Coxa), it was the Coptic people of Egypt Asphulia, perhaps the Tail; but Kircher had a similar (Greek) Aspolia, in Virgo, as from Coptic people of Egypt.
• Denebola was of unlucky influence in astrology, portending misfortune and disgrace, and thus opposed to Regulus in character as in position in the figure.
• It comes to the meridian on the 3rd of May, and, with Arcturus and Spica, forms a large equilateral triangle, as also another similar with Arcturus and Cor Caroli, these, united at their bases, constituting the celebrated Diamond of Virgo.Several small stars, some telescopic, in its immediate vicinity, are the Companions of Denebola. [Star Names, Their Lore and Meaning, Richard Hinckley Allen, 1889].”

Source B  : “September night sky for mid northern latitudes

On a weekend or on a holiday if you have a good sunshine you might as well take out your binoculars and telescopes and give them a bit of a sunshine so that if some moisture is trapped then it would evaporate. Long spell of rains have washed out the dust in the atmosphere and if the sky clears up one has a crystal clear sky.

You can start with southeast where Scorpius, the Scorpion [Vruschik] is still well above the horizon. This is one of the constellations that quite resembles its name. The brightest star in this constellation is Antares (Jyestha).

Sagittarius [Dhanur] is following Scorpius. Center of milky way lies in this constellation. This region between Scorpius and Sagittarius contains number of clusters and nebulae and it is worth sweeping this with a good pair of binoculars. Look for M6 and M7, the best one is M22 a globular cluster. This cluster resembles a comet that is just discovered. It appears a fuzzy patch of light through a pair of binoculars.

Turn to west Arcturus, (Swati) is still above the horizon. Turn further right to northwest. Only the tail of Ursa Major, Great Bear is now above the horizon. Look for the second last star in the tail Mizar. This star is visual binary. It has a companion Alcor. Both the stars can be be seen if you have good eyesight. In Indian astronomy Mizar is Vashishtha and Alcor is Arundhati.

Well above the western horizon, above Bootes, you can trace out Hercules [Shauri]. The object to be looked for is M13 a globular cluster. This is a compact cluster of stars.

To its north is Draco, the Sea Dragon (Kaliya). It winds quite a bit through different right ascensions.

Right overhead is (almost) a right angled triangle of three bright stars. The stars belong to three different constellations. Altair [Shravan] in Aquila, the Eagle [Garuda] and Deneb in Cygnus, the Swan [Hans] are almost aligned on the north south line. To there is Vega [Abhijit], in Lyra, the Lyre [Swaramandal].

This group of stars was named summer triangle by Patrick Moor. All the stars are the brightest stars in their respective constellations. Vega which is the brightest star in the northern hemisphere. The second brightest of the summer triangle is Altair. Shravan is 22nd Nakshatra.

Look for Albeireo and M39 in Cygnus. Alberieo is a beautiful binary star whose one component is red and the other is blue. 5 inch mirror will split them. M39 open cluster or galactic cluster. Easy object for binoculars.

Well above the eastern horizon is one of the ‘land marks’ of the night sky is Great Square of Pegasus, the Winged Horse [Maha-ashwa]. You just cannot miss it. The sides of the square are almost aligned north-south and east-west. The stars on the western arm of the square make our 25th nakshatra Purva Bhadrapada and those on the eastern arm are of 26th nakshatra Uttra Bhadrapada. Purva and Uttara are in the sense of earlier and later respectively, in their movement in the sky and not in the sense of direction.
Halfway between Pegasus and the horizon is Cassiopeia [Sharmishata]. This is a constellation in ‘M’ shape with its right leg pulled too much to right. You might recall that Saptarishis are used for finding north direction in the night. This constellation can be used for finding north when Saptarishis are below the horizon. Take the first three stars of ‘M’ which make an equilateral triangle. Now take perpendicular bisector of the first and star. This line, when extended towards horizon will go through the Polaris [Dhruva], Pole Star. Using a pair of binoculars if you scan on the line joining third and fourth stars of Cassiopeia and extending to east you will reach a binary open cluster of stars h & c. These are lovely pair of star clusters.

The material here can be used freely.
It is, however, expected that the source may be acknowledged.
Credit : Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pune.)

The site is created for the Public Outreach Programme, IUCAA
by
Arvind Paranjpye – arp@iucaa.ernet.in +91 20 2560 4601
Samir Dhurde – samir@iucaa.ernet.in +91 20 2560 4603

Page created June, 2007 and Updated Sep, 2007″

“The star map above is drawn for September 15, at 21:00 hours Indian Standard Time (IST) for the central station of India. The map shows slightly more sky than that will be visible from this station such a way that the map can be used elsewhere in India at 21:00 hers.  The map can be used at 22:00 hrs. in early at 20:00 hrs. later this month.  Use a flash light covered with red gelatine paper to read in the night.”

Credit : Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pune.

Note on Uttara Phalguni : Two stars are at same time distance from Poorva Phalguni. If a single star has to be identified as Uttara Phalguni, then, as per Dr. Balakrishna, 94 bLeo/SAO 119076 / HD 102870 is the best candidate, despite Denebola being brighter. Reason is that Denebola is about 5 diameters out of Moon traverse band while Zavijava is in the moon traverse band. Uttara Phalguni, is also called Zavijava by Arabs.

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All Rights for Sourced Material Vest with the Source.

As per David Frawley and others, the oldest Rg Veda Mantram is 6500 BCE  (I am yet to verify this).

I need to verify whether this event is recorded in any text…, as a legend, custom or observation or in a mantra.. just saving the data here..

Source: “Astronomy Picture of the Day

Discover the cosmos! Each day a different image or photograph of our fascinating universe is featured, along with a brief explanation written by a professional astronomer.

2009 December 1

NGC 6992: Filaments of the Veil Nebula
Credit & Copyright: Daniel Lopez (Observatorio del Teide)

Explanation: Wisps like this are all that remain visible of a Milky Way star. About 7,500 years ago that star exploded in a supernova leaving the Veil Nebula, also known as the Cygnus Loop. At the time, theexpanding cloud was likely as bright as a crescent Moon, remaining visible for weeks to people living at the dawn of recorded history. Today, the resulting supernova remnant has faded and is now visible only through a small telescope directed toward the constellation of the Swan (Cygnus). The remaining Veil Nebula is physically huge, however, and even though it lies about 1,400 light-years distant, it covers over five times the size of the full Moon. In images of the complete Veil Nebula, studious readers should be able to identify the above filaments on the lower left. The above image is a mosaic from the 2.5-meterIsaac Newton Telescope at Roque de los Muchachos Observatory in the Canary Islands.”